PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY RESILIENCE UNDER HORMUZ STRAIT DISRUPTIONS: SUPPLY CHAIN RISKS AND DRUG SECURITY IN IRAQ – A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Qasim Allawi Bader*, Jamal Ali Ashoor, Maryam Alaayedi, Wisam Ghazi Sanad, Noor Kbah

Background: The stability of pharmaceutical supply chains is essential for healthcare system resilience, particularly in import-dependent countries. Iraq relies heavily on imported medicines and raw materials, making it vulnerable to disruptions in global trade routes such as the Strait of Hormuz. Objective: This review aims to examine the potential impact of disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz—within the context of recent geopolitical tensions—on pharmaceutical supply chains and drug security in Iraq. Methods: A narrative review approach was adopted. Relevant literature was identified through databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect using predefined keywords related to pharmaceutical supply chains, geopolitical risk, and Iraq. Selected studies were analyzed thematically. Results: Disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz can lead to significant consequences for Iraq’s pharmaceutical sector, including supply chain interruptions, increased transportation and insurance costs, drug shortages, and reduced access to essential medicines. Indirect effects include market instability, higher drug prices, and increased risk of counterfeit medicines. Local pharmaceutical production remains insufficient to mitigate these risks due to continued dependence on imported inputs. Conclusion: Iraq’s pharmaceutical supply chain is highly vulnerable to geopolitical disruptions affecting critical maritime routes. Strengthening drug security requires a multi-dimensional strategy, including diversification of supply sources, enhancement of domestic production, establishment of strategic stockpiles, and regulatory reforms.