REVIEW OF EPIGENETIC FRONTIERS IN TYPE 1 DIABETES

Nisar Ahmed*, Manisha Lahkar, Ayushi Kumari, Rishav, T. Thanmayi Sai Lakshmi

Dynamic epigenetic pathways play a crucial role in the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disorder targeting beta cells in the pancreas. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs significantly impact immune responses, beta cell function, and the progression of Type 1 Diabetes. Early-life exposures have a lasting impact on the epigenetic landscape, which is shaped by environmental factors including as food, infections, and toxins. These factors collectively influence the risk of T1D. Histone modification and DNA methylation patterns are epigenetic biomarkers, which provide important information on T1D prognosis, monitoring, and diagnosis. These biomarkers provide insight into the severity and course of the disease, opening up possibilities for tailored therapies. By focusing on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, researchers are currently assessing epigenetic-based therapeutics in clinical settings. These approaches hold promise for enhanced management and potential prevention of type 1 diabetes. However, ethical and regulatory considerations, including potential stigmatization and discrimination, necessitate careful attention. Evolving healthcare policies integrating epigenetic insights create opportunities for early detection and personalized interventions. In conclusion, the emerging field of epigenetics provides a comprehensive understanding of T1D etiology. Integrating genetic and environmental factors, coupled with responsible development guided by ethical guidelines, holds promise for effective T1D prevention and management, offering hope to affected individuals and families.