IMPACT OF A NEUROTOXIC PESTICIDE (𝛃-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE) IN IMMUNOMODULATION OF CLARIAS BATRACHUS (LINN).

Sumit Tiwari and Somenath Ghosh*

The genus Clarias, commonly known as the mangur fish, is a significant freshwater species in many parts of Asia and Africa, both ecologically and economically. However, the increasing use of pesticides in agriculture has raised concerns regarding their impact on aquatic organisms, particularly in fish. Neurooxic pesticides, which affect the Blood and circulatory systems, pose a unique threat to fish health and immune function. This literature review aims to summarize existing research on the effects of toxic pesticides on the immunomodulation of Clarias. Neurotoxic pesticides are chemicals that can disrupt normal Blood function, leading to anemia, impaired immune responses, and increased susceptibility to diseases. Common examples are organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. These substances can enter aquatic ecosystems through runoff, affecting fish populations and the immune system.