EMERGING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES BASED TARGETED THERAPIES IN ONCOLOGY: MECHANISMS, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Sakshi K. Shahane*, Sujata S. Ilag, Nikita S. Lahane, Sakshi D. Vanarse, Supriya B. Khedkar

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized oncology by offering highly specific therapeutic options that target tumor-associated antigens, minimizing damage to healthy tissues. These biologics exert their effects through various mechanisms including receptor blockade, immune system modulation, induction of apoptosis, and targeted delivery of cytotoxic agents. The development of next-generation antibody formats such as bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), nanobodies, and fusion proteins has further enhanced their efficacy and broadened clinical applications. Furthermore, advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and bioinformatics are paving the way for personalized antibody-based therapies tailored to individual tumor profiles. Despite their growing clinical utility, mAb-based therapies face several challenges that limit their broader implementation. These include tumor heterogeneity, development of resistance pathways, immune evasion tactics by cancer cells, limited tumor penetration, and high manufacturing costs. Additionally, adverse effects such as cytokine release syndrome and immunogenicity present further clinical hurdles. This review provides a comprehensive overview of monoclonal antibody mechanisms of action, current therapeutic strategies, emerging innovations, and the key biological and logistical challenges encountered in their development and use. Future directions highlight the integration of computational tools for antibody design, combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors, and strategies to improve global access and affordability. With continued innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration, monoclonal antibody-based therapies hold the potential to significantly transform the landscape of cancer treatment by offering more effective, safer, and patient-specific options.