ALZHEIMER’S DISEASES INSIGHTS: FROM MECHANISM TO TREATMENT

Nikita Kumari, Md. Hazique Azmi*, Priyangshu Kumar Jha, Dr. Nakul Gupta, Sudhir Kumar

Alzheimer’s disease is the progressive neurodegenerative disease leading cause of dementia, slowly destroying memory, thinking, and independence until daily basic life becomes impossible. WHO stated Alzheimer’s been the most fatal disease and occurring older adults. The Alzheimer’s disease follows the hypothesis which are amyloid hypothesis and Tau hypothesis. Fragment of a protein called amyloid accumulates outside neurons, forming sticky plaque. These plaques disturb communication between cells, trigger inflammation, and set off toxic chemical reaction that damage brain tissue. Hand in hand amyloid comes in tau pathway, tau is a protein that normally stabilize the cell internal transport system. In Alzheimer’s tau becomes abnormally modified, clumping together into twisted tangles inside neurons. These tangles block the transport of nutrients and signals, causing the affected cells to weaken and die. Treating Alzheimer’s has always been difficult because the disease involves many damaging processes at once. The first treatment focus on symptom relief drugs like-donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine boost acetylcholine to support memory, while memantine helps protect neurons grom glutamate overload. These provide temporary benefits but do not stop progression. More recently, therapies have turned to the roots of the disease. Antibody drugs such as Aducanumab and donanemab target and clear amyloid plaques, showing some ability to slow decline, though side effects remain a concern. Hence current treatments only aim to slow decline, not to regenerate or repair damaged neurons. This review is covered based on the information subject to various source for scientific, technical, and medical research like science direct, Scopus, Web of science, PubMed etc.