DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW WITH HOMEOPATHIC APPROACH AND MIASMATIC UNDERSTANDING

Dr. Ipsa Abhipsa*, Dr. Deepak Kumar, Dr. Rupali Bhaduri, Dr. Patranu Parui, Dr. Deepak Kumar Panigrahi

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and remains a leading cause of preventable blindness among working-age adults worldwide. Prolonged hyperglycaemia, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress and inflammation progressively damage the retinal microvasculature, resulting in non-proliferative and proliferative stages, with diabetic macular oedema being the most frequent cause of vision loss. Early disease is often asymptomatic, thus regular ophthalmic screening, appropriate systemic control and timely treatment are essential to prevent visual disability. Recent advances in imaging, including optical coherence tomography, OCT-angiography and ultrawide field angiography, have improved early detection and monitoring. Management strategies include strict metabolic control, anti-VEGF therapy, laser photocoagulation and intravitreal steroids, while homeopathic practice focuses on constitutional remedy selection and miasmatic background. When combined with lifestyle regulation and regular retinal evaluation, these approaches may help stabilize vascular changes and delay progression.