EFFICIENT AND SUSTAINABLE SYNTHESIS OF 1,2,4-OXADIAZOLES USING A CE(MIL)@MoS₂ NANOCATALYST: SYNERGISTIC HETEROSTRUCTURE FOR ENHANCED CYCLIZATION

Manasa H. S.*, Shashikanth S.

The development of efficient, recyclable heterogeneous catalysts for heterocycle construction remains a key objective in sustainable synthetic chemistry. In this study, a cerium-based metal–organic framework integrated with molybdenum disulfide (Ce(MIL)@MoS₂) is employed as a multifunctional nanocatalyst for the synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles. The hybrid material combines the high surface area and Lewis acidity of Ce-MOF domains with the electronic conductivity and stability of MoS₂ nanosheets, generating a synergistic catalytic environment. Using this nanocomposite, a broad range of nitrile- and amidoxime-based substrates undergo smooth cyclization to afford 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives in good to excellent yields under mild, environmentally benign conditions. The catalyst demonstrates notable advantages, including shortened reaction times, high selectivity, and excellent reusability over multiple cycles with minimal loss of activity. Structural characterization and catalytic studies indicate that the Ce–MoS₂ interface enhances substrate activation and promotes efficient heterocycle formation. Overall, the Ce(MIL)@MoS₂ nanocatalyst provides a promising platform for green, scalable synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles with potential applications in pharmaceuticals and materials science.