BIOFILM-ASSOCIATED ORAL DISEASES: ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSIS AND CHALLENGES IN TREATMENT IN AYURVEDA AND MODERN MEDICAL SCIENCES - REVIEW ARTICLE

Prof. Dr. Santoshkumar M. Arjunagi*, M. S. Shalya Tantra

Oral biofilms are structured microbial communities embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix that adhere to oral surfaces such as teeth, gingiva, tongue, and dental restorations. Biofilm formation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several oral diseases including dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and oral candidiasis. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapy and dental technologies, biofilm-associated infections remain difficult to eradicate because of their resistance to antibiotics, host immune responses, and environmental stress. Modern medical science has introduced advanced diagnostic methods including molecular techniques, fluorescence imaging, confocal microscopy, and salivary biomarkers for early detection of oral biofilms. Simultaneously, Ayurveda describes conditions comparable to oral diseases under Mukharoga and emphasizes preventive oral hygiene practices, herbal formulations, and local therapeutic procedures. Ayurvedic drugs possessing antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties may provide supportive benefits in biofilm management. The present review highlights the role of oral biofilms in disease progression, recent diagnostic advancements, challenges in treatment, and the integrated approach of Ayurveda and modern medicine for effective management.