HONEY BEE VENOM: FROM STING TO SCIENCE

Khandavalli Sheba*, Geddada Maheswari, Meka Pooja, Chodipilli Revnath Durga, Peddireddy Lokesh Babu, Boddani Sunil

Honey bee venom (HBV), a complex mixture of peptides, enzymes, and bioactive compounds, has long been used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. Recent advances in pharmacology and molecular biology have elucidated the mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, analgesic, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. Major components such as melittin, apamin, and phospholipase A2 play pivotal roles in mediating these pharmacological activities. HBV-based therapies, including topical applications, injections, and innovative delivery systems, show promising clinical potential for conditions such as arthritis, neurodegenerative disorders, and chronic pain. However, its use is limited by potential toxicity, allergic reactions, and the need for standardized formulations. This review summarizes the historical and contemporary understanding of honey bee venom, highlighting its chemical composition, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, safety profile, and current therapeutic applications. Future research directions focus on optimizing delivery systems, ensuring quality control, and exploring novel clinical applications to harness the full potential of HBV in modern medicine.